Adult Examination

Diabetes, also known as diabetes among the people, can affect the whole body and cause significant damage to the eyes.
As in many diseases, sometimes the first diagnosis of Diabetes is made by Ophthalmologists. In the routine eye examination, we encounter the damage of diabetes by chance in the fundus scan, which is called the back of the eye or the bottom of the eye.
Diabetes damages the vessels in the retina layer (retina layer), which has a very important place in the visual process in the back of the eye. Retinal involvement is called diabetic retinopathy. Damage to retinal vessels can lead to edema (accumulation of water) in the macula (visual centre), which can slowly and progressively reduce vision. Apart from this, it can cause sudden vision loss by bleeding into the eye. In addition, apart from the damage it causes to the retina layer, it can lead to cataract formation and decreased vision at an early age.
The most important factor in the disease is the level of high blood sugar, rapid changes in blood sugar level and the duration of the disease.
The onset of diabetic retinopathy is usually in the form of small ballooning in the vessels. We can regress the disease with blood sugar regulation and diet in patients who can be diagnosed at this level. However, additional treatments are absolutely required in the patient who presents at the level where edema develops in the visual center where severe bleeding begins. With the treatments to be done here, the disease cannot be completely cured, but only slowed down.
If the patient has additional hypertension and high cholesterol problems, the course of diabetic retinopathy may progress faster and cause more damage to the eye.
In cases where damage to the back of the eye begins, laser treatments and injections of drugs to reduce the formation of vessels into the eye and help regress edema are performed as treatments. In the advanced stages of the disease, intense bleeding in the intraocular fluid and vascular problems may develop on the anterior surface of the eye. Treatments during these periods are more aggressive surgical interventions.
Depending on the level of their disease, people with diabetes should have their eyes examined by an ophthalmologist at certain intervals. If necessary, many tests such as eye fundus angiography should be performed during the course of the disease.

Vision is one of our most important organs that connects us to life. Any situation that impairs vision and causes eye problems is actually an emergency. Conditions such as decreased vision, stinging, and watering can reduce the quality of life and cause us to experience difficulties in daily activities. However, there are some events that should be treated immediately without waiting. If the treatment is delayed, the healing process may be prolonged or it may cause permanent damage to the eyesight.
One of these diseases is vascular occlusion behind the eyes. The treatment process is limited to minutes in vascular occlusion that feeds the retinal layers of the eye.
The patient develops sudden vision loss due to occlusion of the vessel for any reason.
Another eye emergency that should be recognized and treated immediately is retinal detachment. Visual cells are damaged as a result of separation, mostly with a tear in the retina layer, which contains the cells that provide vision behind the eye. When diagnosed and treated early, one hundred percent success can be achieved, but when the disease progresses and visual center involvement, it creates serious problems in vision. The treatment is with surgery.
Traumas caused by a blow to the eye are also among the very important eye emergencies. Here, only bleeding may occur as a result of the impact, but if it is not cleared with treatment, it causes serious eye pressure and corneal problems. Eye tears, punctures and perforations caused by trauma are eye emergencies that require urgent surgery.
The most common eye emergency is foreign body stinging in the anterior part of the eye. The situation called burrs among the people is mostly seen in those who deal with construction and blacksmithing. More rarely, foreign objects can get into the eye in cases such as windy dusty weather for any reason. It does not even allow the patient to open his eyes, causing serious eye stinging. In business sectors where such situations are common, workplace employees may attempt to interfere with their friends. Or, they try to reduce eye pain by dripping drops that make the eye tingly. All these entries are absolutely wrong. What needs to be done here is to apply to the nearest ophthalmologist.
Another eye emergency is the ingestion of a caustic corrosive substance into the eye. This situation, which is very important, has more serious consequences when the escaping liquid is alkaline. The most important thing that our patients should do here is to wash their eyes immediately. Washing the eyes immediately with clean water they find around them prevents the disease from spreading to the lower layers of the eye. Here the washing time should be more than half an hour. And again, they should consult an ophthalmologist as soon as possible.
Again, sudden increases in intraocular pressure, which we call acute glaucoma crisis, and intraocular inflammations that we can see as acute uveitis attacks are also eye pains and require treatment as soon as possible.

Under-eye bruises, also known as under-eye circles, may occur genetically and structurally due to increased pigmentation on the eyelid skin, or may occur due to slowing of the venous circulation around the eyes due to reasons such as insomnia, irregular lifestyle, alcohol and smoking. Atopic and some other eczemas can also cause dark circles under the eyes. Iron deficiency anemia, some liver and kidney disorders also cause bruises under the eyes.

The dermis layer of our skin is 0.3-0.4 mm thick, but the thickness of the skin under the eyes decreases to 0.1-0.2 mm over time depending on external and internal factors. The thinned eyelid skin becomes transparent, causing the underlying veins to become more prominent. These veins reveal a blue-purple ring-like appearance under the eyes.

Eye infections are one of the most common eye diseases. Again, eye infections are the most common cause of red eye. Due to the dense vascular network of the conjunctiva layer on the anterior surface of the eye, the eye may become extremely red and painful. The problem here is mostly bacterial. And bacterial infections can be transmitted by contact. It first infects the patient's other eye. It can then be transmitted to other people who are in close contact with the patient.
Viral infections, which we see less often, are much more dangerous. Because it can be transmitted very easily. And it can cause epidemics. The anterior surface of the eye can also be involved in the cornea layer.
The first thing to consider in the prevention of diseases is hygiene. If the person's own hand hygiene is good and a person who pays attention to hand-eye contact, the probability of infection and transmission is very low. In the presence of a patient with an eye infection in the same house, towels should be separated and paper towels should be used if possible. The hands should be washed thoroughly with soap before and after the patient's drug administration.
The mistake we generally see in our patients; It is to wipe the eyes with the napkin they hold in their hands and continue to hide them in the palm of their hand. Our hands are dirty. The cloth we put on our infected eye gets more dirty as we continue to hold it, then when we rub the same napkin again on our eyes, we do nothing but spread the infection and this is extremely inconvenient.
In the presence of all kinds of eye diseases and infections, an ophthalmologist should be checked. Buying and using drugs from the pharmacy without an examination sometimes causes the disease to worsen and can cause vision loss in the eye.

The most important advantage of these surgeries is that they can be performed under local anesthesia. Our patient does not feel any pain during the operation. We can comfortably perform our operations by talking to our patients during the entire operation. Our patient does not feel any discomfort, as all the surgery is performed with our patient's eyes closed. Since we do it with laser, we don't have much bleeding problem. The operation is terminated by placing aesthetic sutures on the wound site. We can send our patients home immediately after the surgery. It does not require a stay in the hospital. There is no pain problem with the ice compress they will apply after the surgery. It is a very comfortable surgery.
Upper and lower eyelid surgery is completed in 1 to 2 hours under local or general anesthesia. During the operation, the patient does not feel pain or pain. Incisions are made from the fold line on the upper eyelid and just below the eyelashes on the lower eyelid and intervention is made from here. The looseness of the muscle tissue in the upper eyelid is removed. Connective and muscle tissue is repaired, excess fat and skin are removed. After removing excess fat, skin and muscle tissue from the lower eyelid, the incision is closed with special stitches so that the scar is not obvious. A light dressing is applied to the seams.

Eyelid surgeries can be performed at any age. There is no certain limit. While surgeries can be performed even in infants for the purpose of illness, the age limit of 18 should generally be accepted for aesthetic problems. Each patient is unique and the disease should be handled and evaluated separately for each patient. In general, the most common application age for valve surgeries is patients between 30-50 years of age. In these patients, the problem is usually genetic. Other members of the family have other similar problems. With the effect of age and gravity, the problem begins to become more evident over time. The reason that brings our patients to us is mostly tired appearance discomfort as a result of drooping upper lids and bags on lower lids.
Although there is no specific age limit, we plan treatment at a much earlier age in patients with ptosis as a droopy valve. In general, we recommend pre-school treatment due to psychological problems that may occur due to asymmetry due to miscarriage in one eye.
Although there is no genetic problem in our patient, it is an inevitable problem in advanced ages. And due to the lowness that occurs, the visual axis is blocked and vision may deteriorate. Due to the excess skin fold tissue formed, pressure on the lid occurs and causes heaviness in the eyes and difficulty in opening the eyelids. And in these cases, most patients are unaware of the problem. And there is a significant need for valve surgery over the age of 50. However, our patients over the age of 50 may be reluctant to have valve surgeries. It should be especially explained that this is not always a plastic surgery, but should be done for eye health and vision health. Due to such reasons, we have difficulty in reaching our patients who are in real need.
Lower eyelid aesthetics is mostly required in patients with genetically-related bags around the eyes. Again, in this case, treatment can be planned over the age of 18. Eyelid diseases are diseases that can be seen at any age and sometimes need to be treated without delay.
There are misconceptions in society. It is wrong to think that there is no eyelid treatment or that it gets worse with treatment and the eyelid remains open. On the contrary, when it is not treated, it creates a bad image and also impairs vision. In pediatric patients, it causes lazy eye if not treated.
Treatment for valve problems caused by environmental factors such as the effect of gravity, aging, genetic causes, sleep disorders is available at any age.
One of the most frequently asked questions is the age at which treatment should be performed. Some patients wait until later ages for treatment. This thought is wrong. In the period when the problem is noticed, the treatment plan is determined according to the degree of discomfort.
Upper and lower eyelid aesthetic procedures can be performed at any age. As we have 18-year-old patients, we also have 90-year-old patients. Children with congenital eyelid problems should be operated immediately or until the age of 6, depending on the severity of the disease.
With the right and conscious treatment, we can treat many eyelid problems without encountering a problem in the right hands.

There is no specific age limit. Regardless of age, treatment should be planned as soon as possible in treatments for disease. In the presence of a condition that may affect vision, we perform treatment even in infancy or childhood, and the delay of this treatment causes lazy eye. In some cases, it can be waited until primary school age.
In the presence of aesthetic problems, we can generally make a surgical plan over the age of 18.

Eyelid surgery is performed on the upper lid in the area corresponding to the lid crease. The important thing here is to measure and draw the area to be excised and to determine its boundaries exactly. Because an excessive treatment can cause difficulties in eyelid closure and eye loss. In an operation performed through the skin on the lower lid, an incision is made under the eyelashes, while in some cases the intervention is made through the conjunctival route and there is no incision on the skin.

The important thing here is that the patient undergoes a full examination before the operation. A patient with eyelid position disorder should first undergo a general eye examination. Eye refraction error, eye pressure should be measured, and eye dryness should be examined.
In a patient with droopy eyelids, it should be examined whether the cause is just age-related skin loosening or whether there is an additional problem in the underlying fat layer. Most importantly, if it is not understood that the cause of a situation that is seen as a simple skin loosening on the eyelid is due to the problem in the deep muscle layer that lifts the lower eyelid, wrong or incomplete treatments are caused.
In the presence of additional eyebrow drooping, if this situation is not detected and added to the treatment plan, situations that cannot be corrected in the eyebrow position may occur after an excessive treatment.

Since our operations are performed under local anesthesia, our patient's comorbidity does not usually cause any disruption in the operation plan. We want our patient's blood pressure to be under control during the operation, since they have well-blooded tissues. In addition, we prefer our patient who receives a blood thinner treatment to interrupt this treatment for a week before the operation as much as possible. Another point that we need to question here and is often overlooked is the fact that our patient uses intense vitamin E or drinks heavily herbal teas, which causes the risk of bleeding during the surgery.

Intensive ice application, especially in the first 48 hours after the surgery, considerably reduces the risk of bruising and edema. In addition, thanks to the application of ice, our patients do not have pain.
It is recommended to sleep on a high pillow. They need to protect the surgical area from water for a while.

Whether it is summer or winter is not important for the success of the surgery. The most suitable time interval for surgery; It is the time when the patient can set the 1-week time that he can spare for himself.

Dry eye is a disease that is frequently observed in the society and is generally known by patients. This disease, which concerns millions of people in the world, is observed at a rate of approximately 35 percent.
Dry eye, which is more common in women over the age of 40, is observed more frequently at a much earlier age as a result of the recent development of technology and intensive computer use. It is seen at higher rates in large cities with high air pollution and in air-conditioned environments. In dirty environments such as environmental factors, menopause, use of contact lenses, sleeplessness until late at night, eye surgeries, and smoking, the symptoms of the disease may increase even more.
Symptoms of dry eyes include burning, stinging, sometimes reflex watering, sudden stinging sensations, especially in the late evening, with blurriness in the eyes or fatigue in the eyes.
If we drop the conclusion that we only spend 3 hours a day on social media in studies conducted in recent years, it is not difficult to understand why dry eyes and eye problems increase more.
Irregular and uncontrolled use of contact lenses can cause dry eye symptoms to occur at a very early age. These conditions, which cause lens intolerance, also cause problems in vision.
Dry eye should not be thought of as not weeping with tears. Normally, a tear is constantly produced without realizing it, and this tear layer creates a moist environment in the anterior segment of the eye, ensuring that our eyes are healthy and see healthy. Dry eye occurs as a result of the deterioration of this layer for various reasons.
As a result, problems such as blurred vision, pain, burning, stinging can be very disturbing.
Eyelid infections are another cause of dry eye.
In the presence of rheumatic diseases, we encounter dry eye problems that extend to serious problems.
Treatment should be planned according to the cause. Treatment of existing rheumatic disease, treatment of eyelid infection can provide relief from symptoms.
In addition, artificial tear drops and gels are very useful here. In fact, by making reports on these drops, our patients' long-term use and drug intake are facilitated.
In addition, drops that affect the immune system or autologous serums that we prepare in our patients' own blood provide serious benefits.
Our patients can take some precautions in the environment they are in, we warn about this: These are to stay away from air-conditioned environments, to humidify the room they are in if possible, to take plenty of water, to reduce their computer use, to pay attention to their night sleep, and to use sunglasses.

We always say that our eyes are an area where diseases, fatigue and health are most intensely reflected outside.
Again, in case of a disturbance in the body, there are also symptoms in the eyes.
In the case considered as conjunctivitis, it can be seen together with watering of the eyes, sensitivity to light, and runny nose.
This situation, which is generally in the presence of allergic conditions in the body, may primarily be in the eyes, but may begin as allergic symptoms throughout the body. It can start with eye watering, redness, itching and then burrs can be added.
In some cases, it may start with malaise in the body and watering and pain in the eyes may be added later. It can be observed as flu or seasonal.
Conjunctivitis usually occurs in both eyes. It can be caused by allergies, viruses, bacteria. It shows the ability to be transmitted when it is virus and bacterial.
In all cases of conjunctivitis, an ophthalmologist should be examined. Without treatment, the duration of the disease is prolonged, and the risk of transmission increases.

Our eyes are one of our most important organs that provide our sense of sight. The cornea layer, which is the transparent layer on the front surface of our eye, can become thinner and sharper due to excessive pressure and eye rubbing that causes trauma. The name of the disease characterized by excessive tapering of the corneal layer is keratoconus.
Keratoconus usually occurs during adolescence. It progresses between the ages of 20 and 40 and becomes stable after the age of 40. When detected in the early stages of the disease, the progression of the disease can be slowed down and stopped with various treatments.
Rubbing the eye due to allergic diseases can pave the way for the emergence of keratoconus disease, which is characterized by thinning and sharpening of the corneal layer, which is the transparent layer of the eye, and accelerates its progression. Keratoconus does not have an exact cause. It is familial or genetic.
In the early stages of the disease, there is no problem in vision, as the disease progresses, myopia and astigmatism defects begin to appear. While the vision problem in the first period can be corrected with glasses, as the disease progresses, vision problems that cannot be corrected with glasses begin to appear.
When caught in the early stages, the disease can be treated and its progression can be stopped with CCL (Corneal Cross Linking). Additional treatment methods are contact lens and corneal ring treatments.
What is important here is the early detection of the disease, its diagnosis and the initiation of treatment. Conditions that our patients should pay attention to are avoidance of excessive scratching and rubbing of their eyes, especially in adolescence and early 20s, the onset of visual deterioration, rapidly progressive myopia, astigmatism, and inability to see clearly despite glasses.
In order to prevent keratoconus, it is necessary to undergo an annual eye control and not to rub our eyes.

Even if the visual clarity is not affected much in the early stages due to compression on the optic nerve, serious losses and narrowing of the visual field occur. The resulting losses are irreversible. And the disease is an insidious disease because it can progress even to the last stages without affecting the clarity of vision. Unless it suddenly rises to very high values, which in most patients is slowly progressive, it is not noticed by the patient. It does not cause any pain or symptoms in the eye.
In cases where a normal eye examination is performed, it is not understood during the eyeglass examination. In hospitals where intensive outpatient services are provided, it is very difficult to perform eye pressure and posterior fundus examination for each patient individually. And in such cases of intense patient presence, it can be missed very easily. For this reason, we especially recommend that our patients have an eye examination for eye pressure screening, even if they do not have any problems. The risk is increased in individuals with a family history of glaucoma. These patients should have more frequent check-ups.
There is no specific age limit for glaucoma. It can be congenital as well as encountered in early childhood. However, it is more common over the age of 40. For this reason, even if every person over the age of 40 does not have a family history of eye pressure, it is beneficial to have a screening examination for eye pressure once a year in the worst case.
Eye pressure can vary within hours, just like arm pressure. Even if the eye pressure measurements are normal in some of our patients, the current blood pressure may be in a condition that can damage the optic nerve. Particular attention should be paid to these conditions, which are called normotensive glaucoma.
We use various tests in the detection and follow-up of our patients with eye pressure. Tests such as visual field, retinal nerve fiber analysis and OCT help us to understand the extent of glaucoma disease.
Eye pressure is an insidious disease. It can be easily overlooked, especially if it is not taken care of. When diagnosed late, it is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness.
It is the second leading cause of blindness in the world. With the early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma, which is a preventable cause of blindness, vision can be preserved for long periods of time.

Even if we do not cry, there is a constant production of tears in our eyes. We are not aware of this situation, because this tear production is produced in a balanced way and is excreted from the tear duct. Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland in the upper outer part of the eye bone cavity and by the auxiliary lacrimal glands at the edge of the eyelids. By wetting and cleaning the surface of the eye, this tear is removed from the area in the inner part of the eyelids, which is popularly called the tear fountain. In the inner part of the tear spring, tears are removed by flowing into our nasal passages from the back of the nose through the tear duct and punctum, which absorbs tears and acts as a pump.
This path, which starts from the eye spring and continues to the inner part of the nose, is called the tear duct. Any obstruction in this pathway disrupts the flow of tears and causes watering in our eyes. In advanced stages, it causes severe infections with burrs. If left untreated, swelling and serious infections may occur around the eyes.
The obstruction in this pathway is sometimes at the punctum level at the highest level. In this case, with a much smaller intervention, the punctum is enlarged and the problem is solved. However, in most cases, the obstruction is in the bone tissue before the opening in the nose. In this case, the problem can be resolved with a more comprehensive surgery. When necessary conditions exist, a tube can be placed in the opened canal to ensure the continuation of the opening.
Eye canal obstruction can also be seen in newborn babies. Our treatment in infants is probing, which is much less traumatic.

In our social life, especially in our bilateral relations, the area we communicate the most is around the eyes. It reflects our tiredness or calmness. It is the region where the changes in our body with age, metabolism, environment and nutrition are most pronounced. The eyes and the area around the eyes are the areas that reflect the age, health and psychological state of the person most clearly and complement the expression during speech.

Refractive errors are one of the most common eye diseases that directly impair the quality of vision and are the easiest to treat. When we say refractive error in the eye, we talk about the presence of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and presbyopia. These cases can be either singly or in a mix.
The condition that causes the refractive error in the eye is mostly due to the differences in refractive power in the cornea and lens, which have the properties of refracting the light coming into the eye.
The most common problem of myopia, which is mostly encountered in young and middle-aged people, is farsightedness. While myopic people see far away very blurry, they can see and read near very easily. The problem here is due to the excessive refraction of the eye. The increase in the eye axis, that is, the length of the eye, is also a cause of myopia. Myopias that occur due to eye axis length generally occur at very young ages and generally cause disorders around the number 10 and above. Intensely close studies, increase in today's computer tablet phone usage times trigger myopia. And it causes myopia, especially at young ages. Children who spend a lot of time in areas with artificial light are at increased risk of myopia.
Hyperopia often appears in early childhood. About 90% of newborn babies are born with hyperopia, and this condition improves as the child grows. Mostly it does not require treatment. However, in some cases, the degree of hyperopia is very high, or the difference in numbers between the two eyes is high. These conditions must be treated. Hyperopia in school age is also important. In this period, children with reluctance to study, getting tired quickly, getting bored while studying, skipping lines while reading, redness in the eyes or various tics in the eyes should definitely be investigated in terms of hyperopia. If it does not cause any laziness in the eye and is not very high, after a while this hyperopia relaxes and does not cause a problem. However, after the age of 40, hyperopia begins to appear more frequently as a result of changes in the lens of the eye.
Astigmatism is another refractive error. As the rays coming into the eye are not collected at the same point and dispersed, it creates problems in vision. This problem is very disturbing especially for busy computer workers and night car users. The cause of astigmatism is corneal, lens or optic nerve disorders. And generally the astigmatism number does not change much over the years. Our patients in whom we observed changes in astigmatism should be examined in terms of many different eye diseases.
Another very disturbing condition that occurs over the age of 40 is near vision impairment, which is actually called presbyopia. It develops due to the weakening of the eye muscles over the age of 40 and the inability to perform the function we call accommodation for near vision due to the deterioration of flexibility. It progresses with age. The close number increases until about age 55 and then does not change much.
All refractive errors can be treated with glasses, contact lenses, laser surgery, and intraocular refractive lens replacements. We perform the right treatment together with our patient according to the patient's age, profession, characteristics of the disease and eye structure.

The reason for the redness of the eye is that the blood vessels in the conjunctival layer are excessively dilated and prominent.
The conjunctiva layer is the thin membranous layer over the white part of the eye. Although it normally carries a large number of blood vessels, because the vessels are very thin, the vessels are not obvious and the layer appears whitish. However, when the veins become more prominent for any reason, they turn red.
The most common cause of red eye disease is infections. In infections caused by bacteria, additional secretion occurs and burrs occur in the patient. It is the most innocent of the disease.
Infections caused by viral agents are the diseases that cause bleeding foci on the reddest line. It is very contagious. It may be long-lasting and may cause corneal involvement.
Corneal ulcer, which is one of the eye corneal layer diseases, is a very important disease that causes a decrease in vision by forming stains in the eye.
With allergic conjunctivitis, there are prominent blooding foci, especially after scratching the eyes.
Eye trauma is another cause of red eye. Trauma-related bleeding in the eye conjunctiva may be due to rupture. It may require treatment with surgery.
The cause of red eye, which is spontaneous and usually unaware of the patient and warned by the people around, is called subconjunctival hemorrhage. It is usually caused by hypertension. It is a stimulant for patients. It is caused by strain on the body.
Another important cause of red eye is uveitis. Uveitis is an immune system disease that can cause significant vision loss in the eye. It causes a different red eye disease called ciliary injection and is associated with low vision.
In addition to these, many different diseases such as glaucoma, eye pressure, and dry eyes can cause red eyes.
The treatment of each disease is different, the treatment given for one disease may be inconvenient for the other disease.
For this reason, it may be wrong or incomplete to make a diagnosis without examination by our patients talking about red eye findings by phone or e-mail. It is not right to give treatment without examining in this way. For all these reasons, if we have a red eye disease, we recommend that they be examined by an ophthalmologist as soon as possible.

Dry eye is the disease of our age.
Even though we do not cry, there is a constant production of tears in our eyes. The tear fluid produced by the tear glands on the eyelid margins is excreted by the tear ducts by wetting, lubricating and washing the entire eye surface. And this cycle continues continuously. If the production of tears decreases for any reason, dry eye syndrome occurs, which results in dryness, stinging, burning, redness, and blurred vision.
The patient group in which dry eye is most frequently observed is postmenopausal, diabetic patients and elderly female patients. However, due to fast living, disturbed sleep balance, intensive computer use, and intense air-conditioned environments, dry eye disease is also frequently encountered at younger ages.
The most common finding is the favorite girl emptiness is a sudden stinging sensation. Some patients may even apply with the complaint of excessive watering as a reflex with a feeling of stinging in the eye. Lens wearers are candidates for dry eye patients after many years.
In patients who use computers intensively, the blink reflex decreases, resulting in dry eye disease. We encounter this situation frequently, especially in patients who spend all day in front of the computer in bank employees.
Blepharitis, also called eyelid margin infection, is also among the causes of dry eye.
In some rheumatic diseases, it causes severe dry eye disease and intensive drug treatments are required.
Systemic treatments are required in patients with severe rheumatic disease.
We provide relief with drop treatments that they can use daily for simple dry eye patients who do not have serious comorbidities. In patients with eyelid margin infection, we can recommend additional drug treatments in addition to the use of lid margin cleaner solutions.
While the use of daily use tear drops that do not contain preservatives is very effective, using a drop containing preservative substance for long periods, even if it is artificial tears, may cause other problems as side effects. Particular attention should be paid to this detail in patients who have been using tear drops for a long time and still have problems.
We can also apply autologous serum treatments obtained from their own blood to our patients with more advanced disease dimensions.

As contact lenses became an indispensable element of our lives, their problems began to increase. Unsupervised and unmonitored contact lenses can cause problems for the eye. For this reason, the use of lenses has recently been prescribed.
A contact lens is a prosthesis placed on the cornea layer on the anterior surface of the eye, which is often used to correct vision in the presence of refractive errors or to change eye color, very rarely used in the treatment of other eye disorders.
Since it is in direct contact with the eye surface, it causes severe infections, scratches on the anterior surface of the eye, and keratitis, which is called eye ulcer, when used carelessly and unsupervised.
But of course, since the purpose of using lenses is to see better and look better, a good lens wearer can have a trouble-free life for years. Therefore, in order to better benefit from the advantages of contact lenses, it is necessary to follow the rules and pay attention to cleaning.
There are basically two different types of lenses. These can be classified as gas permeable lenses and soft lenses. Gas-permeable lenses are harder lenses used in cases such as keratoconus, and today the area of ​​use has narrowed considerably. It is much easier to adapt to the soft lenses that are used frequently and they are easier to use.
In general, the mistake our patients make is that they want to buy lenses using their glasses number. However, the number of glasses and the lens number may not always be the same. The lens number includes various features. Corneal diameter and curvature are parameters that are highly effective on the lens.
In addition, problems can be encountered quite often due to lack of supervision in the use of lenses provided by internet order, and this situation has a very negative effect on eye health.
In this regard, our recommendations to our patients are to choose lenses that are determined by a doctor's control, their properties and appropriate lens selection, and to comply with the lens usage rules. For more benefits from contact lens use and longer and more comfortable use, they should consult an ophthalmologist.

Dry eye disease, which is frequently known among the public, can be defined as insufficient or poor quality of tear secretion in our eyes. Tears protect the front surface of our eyes by wetting and moisturizing them and must be of sufficient quality to provide a clearer image.
For various reasons, tear secretion may decrease or one of its components may deteriorate. For this reason, it creates a feeling of stinging in the eye, excessive watering as a reflex, pain, burning and blurred vision.
Tears are produced in two ways. The first system is the continuous tear secretion system. There is a constant tear secretion throughout the day. The tears formed form a tear film in the front of our eyes. This layer consists of 3 components. While acting as a lubricating layer between our eyes and eyelids, it moisturizes and protects the anterior part of the eye.
The other form of production is the intense tear that occurs as a reflex when something is stuck in our eyes when we cry.
The causes of dry eye are often advanced age and female gender. Diabetes disease is another cause of dry eye disease. Hormonal changes such as menopause cause this disease. Dry eye may occur in long-term contact lens users, people with disturbed sleep patterns, people who use computer and phone screens for a long time, people who stay intensely in air-conditioned environments, and in smoking environments, even at an earlier age.
In addition, dry eye disease, which occurs in the presence of rheumatic diseases, is much more severe and extra treatments are needed.
There are several tests we do to detect the presence of dry eye. These are easy tests that can be done in practice conditions.
First of all, we prescribe artificial tear drops to our patients diagnosed with dry eye. Depending on the severity of the disease, our drugs may be stronger. In some cases, we may apply a drip treatment that we prepare with the serums obtained from the patient's own blood. In very advanced cases, we can apply interventional interventions.

Sudden vision loss has the most special place when we want to list the emergencies among eye diseases. Because, with the treatment as soon as possible, we can achieve an uneventful recovery without sequelae, and serious vision problems may occur with late treatment.
Sudden loss of vision in a normal eye can develop due to many reasons. Among these reasons, vascular problems, especially arterial occlusions where the blood coming to the eye is carried, is one of the main ones. Although it is not encountered very often, it is of special importance as it needs to be treated within minutes. This condition, which is commonly seen in people with cardiovascular diseases, causes ischemia in the retina of the eye, tissue death and severe vision loss as a result of the occlusion of the vessel feeding the retinal layers of the eye with a clot. If it is possible to reopen the vessel within minutes, recovery without sequelae can be achieved. Retinal vein occlusion is another vascular occlusion that is more common than this, but is mostly localized. In such cases, visual disturbances occur as a result of diffuse bleeding in the retinal layers behind the eyes of our patients. With follow-up and treatment, the problem can usually be resolved. In these patients, we recommend cardiovascular system checks, follow-up for hypertension, examination for neck artery occlusions, and we can take preventive measures thanks to the blood thinner pills they will take once a day.
We can count acute vitreous hemorrhages among other causes of sudden vision loss. This situation, which we observe mostly in diabetes patients and sometimes in hypertension patients, is caused by the bleeding of one of the retinal vessels and the accumulation of blood in the intraocular gel layer called vitreous.
In fact, retinal detachment is another condition that can take hours or days to be noticed by the patient, which is not sudden, but is felt as a sudden loss of vision as the disease progresses to the visual center. In this eye problem, vision is impaired by tearing and separating the retinal layers of the eye for many different reasons. However, the problem here is that our patients do not notice the disease before it reaches the macula region, which is called the visual center. In our careful patients, the disease, which is caught before the problem progresses to the macula, can be corrected by surgical operation.
Intraocular bleeding and eye perforation injuries as a result of trauma can also cause sudden vision loss.
Sometimes, sudden vision loss may occur due to extraocular causes. The problem may be in the optic nerve pathways as well as in the visual cortex of the brain. This condition, which can also be seen due to intracranial vascular problems, can be diagnosed with extensive research.
Also known as methyl alcohol poisoning, there may be sudden irreversible vision loss in poisoning by drinking fake alcohol.

Due to the increase in cultural development, the increasing value of reading and visual communication, and the necessity of active working life, the number of patients with near vision problems is increasing day by day. One of the things we need most in our communication is to read, to read comfortably, to read quickly. With advancing age, near vision deteriorates due to the change of intraocular tissues and loss of flexibility. Near vision impairment occurs at the age of about 40 years. While a person who reads a lot may feel this discomfort in their early 40s, another person who does not have a lot of work with close reading may feel that they have difficulty in seeing close at the age of 50. This situation is quite difficult for a person who is still in a very active period and needs to read constantly in business life.
The current refractive error is very effective on near vision. If the person is hyperopic, it has much more difficulty in near vision, while our patients with myopia can turn this situation in their favor. A nearsighted person can see far better by removing his distance glasses.
With the prolongation of life and working life, many people who do not want to have near vision problems during their active periods apply to us in search of treatment to overcome this difficulty. The simplest treatment to do here is glasses. Apart from glasses, contact lens treatment or surgical treatment options are available. We determine the most suitable alternative treatment method for our patients who do not want to wear glasses by evaluating each of our patients in detail. The patient's age, expectations, profession are the conditions that should be considered in the treatment to be selected.
Consult an ophthalmologist before saying my child is clumsy
Children are not aware of what they see less. And they cannot express it. A child who cannot see well is open to harm from the environment. Since he cannot see well, he encounters blows and falls more often. While some mothers complain that their children are very clumsy and constantly falling, they are not aware that the problem is due to low vision.
Sometimes, different treatments are applied to the thought that the child has attention deficit. In fact, it should come to mind that the cause may be a visual impairment. It is especially important that families and institutions dealing with such children pay attention to this issue. Children who are bored easily and who are thought to have a lack of attention should definitely be checked by an eye diseases doctor.
We come across with children who started school late with the diagnosis of attention deficit, who were given special treatments unnecessarily, and who were recently diagnosed with visual impairment. Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric eye diseases is very important.

Pterygium disease, which is popularly called bird wing, meat walking in the pupil, and enlarged meat in the eye, is an important disease.
Because in very advanced cases, it has a negative effect on vision. The white part of our eye is covered with a thin membrane. Normally, this layer cannot be seen from the outside with the naked eye. However, in cases such as eye trauma, infection, allergy, the veins expand and our eyes appear red. It is this thin membrane layer that we call the conjunctiva that causes redness in the eye. Due to various trauma or genetic reasons, this membrane enlarges and starts to move towards the surface of the eye and begin to grow. Covering the transparent part of the eye and damaging vision may occur in advanced stages.
The eyelids can cause severe redness and stinging discomfort with the friction effect on this membrane or with the slightest drying and irritative effect. It also spoils the natural appearance of the eye, causing unpleasant appearances.
Although it is relieved with sunglasses, protection from environmental factors and artificial tear drops in its early stages, it must be treated surgically when it continues to progress.
Although it is stated that it does not progress in some of our patients, it is known that in long-term conditions it is more advanced than visible microscopically and progresses to the underlying eye tissues like the roots of the same tree and causes deterioration. In addition, it can cause astigmatism disease that cannot be corrected with glasses by causing deterioration in the corneal layer of the eye.
For this reason, we recommend that our patients care about the presence of pterygium and remain under the supervision of an ophthalmologist. After a certain size period, surgical treatment should be considered.
In surgical treatment, after the excess tissue is cleaned here, tissue transplantation treatments that will feed this unhealthy area and reduce the risk of recurrence of the disease are very important. The results of pterygium surgeries to be performed together with tissue transplantation are very pleasing. Two important points in treatment are early treatment and combined surgery with tissue transplantation.

A normal human eye can detect 15,000 different color tones.
8% of men and 0.5% of women in the world are color blind. Color blindness is inherited.
As a result of a genetic disorder, 180 million people worldwide carry color blindness. The most common type is those who cannot distinguish between green and red colors.
There is no connection between color vision impairment and visual acuity! In other words, a colorblind person can easily see far and near without using glasses, as well as myopia, hyperopia or astigmatism.
The disease is inherited in a gene-dependent manner, that is, women are carriers, while women do not show signs of the disease, while the disease is obvious in men. The disease is passed from mother to son.
Most patients with inherited color disorders think they are normal and are unaware that they have the disease: because they have never perceived colors correctly since birth. For example, a person with red and green color blindness perceives it in a unique way when they are shown the color red-green. Therefore, color blindness can only be detected when a color vision test is performed.
Color blindness is the absence of a special pigment molecule in the visual center of a living thing or the presence of it less than necessary. As a result of this deficiency, he cannot distinguish the surrounding colors of various colors.
People with color blindness face many difficulties in daily life. For example, they have difficulty in distinguishing traffic lights, in distinguishing colors in the textile industry, in reading the color codes of maps, and in distinguishing small colored lights that show the working status of many devices. School-age children choose the colors of the objects incorrectly when painting, and therefore their success in the lessons may be low.
There is no medical or surgical treatment for color blindness, but the complaints of colorblind patients can now be corrected with a special lens system.

This disease, known as 'Yellow Spot Disease' among the people, refers to the pathologies in the macula region, which is expressed as the visual center. This region is the most important part of the retina, which provides us with color vision and 90% of our visual acuity. The most common disease among macular diseases is 'Age-Related Macular Disease', that is, 'Age-Related Yellow Spot Disease', the frequency of which is increasing gradually due to the prolongation of life expectancy.
The most important pathology in the emergence of the disease is aging in the retinal layers. As a result of the decrease in these functions of the retina, gradually increasing deposits occur under the retina, as the metabolic wastes that occur during the visual function will be thrown away and the removal of them by the vascular layer under the retina will deteriorate over time. Abnormal vascular formations under the retina as a result of the picture created by these deposits and visual loss as a result of hemorrhages are the most prominent features. The patient initially applies to the physician with complaints such as reading difficulties, broken, distorted, fluctuating vision, and color vision disorder.

DEVELOPMENT AND TYPES

Yellow spot disease develops after a process in which genetic and environmental factors play a role, depending on age. Age-related macular degeneration (Yellow spot disease) has two stages as early and late stages;
In the early stage, there are pigmentary changes in the macula and lipid (fat) accumulations called "drusen" that accumulate in the subretinal tissues. Visual acuity is normal. The late stage is divided into wet - exudative - type or dry - atrophic - type, in this stage there is vision loss.
Although the atrophic type, known as the dry type, is present in approximately 80% of the patients, the exudative type, that is, the wet type, is responsible for 80-90% of vision loss. Atrophic vision loss develops over years. In the atrophic type, vision decreases to 0.1% approximately 10 years after the onset of symptoms. In the exudative type, vision loss is more sudden. Vision loss occurs, on average, at the age of 75 years. There is a linear increase in incidence after the age of 50. Late type macular degeneration (with vision damage) occurs in 2% of those over 50, 0.7–1.4% of those over 65, and 11–19% after 85 years of age.

FINDINGS

Blurred vision, blurred vision...
The middle of the images is blurred, but the edges appear normal.
Wavy appearance of straight lines such as electricity poles, door-window edges, lines of writing.
Appearance of a dark or empty area in the middle of the visual field.

IF NOT TREATED

If left untreated, severe vision loss occurs. It is one of the leading causes of blindness. However, there is no treatment to improve vision. Efforts are being made to maintain the decreased vision at that level.
Risk factors
When the risk factors that increase the disease are examined, the most important risk factor that is not discussed and whose effectiveness is certain is age. The disease increases with age. In addition, the presence of hypertension, high blood lipids and family history are important factors.

LIGHT EYES

On the other hand, eye and some eye-related factors also carry risks of this disease. Especially light-colored eyes, hyperopia and people with cataract surgery fall into the priority risk group. Heavy smokers constitute an important risk group. Smoking lowers the serum antioxidant level and impairs blood flow. Again, with this mechanism, the risk of macular degeneration decreases in people who have a diet rich in vitamin A – C and who use antioxidants (zinc, magnesium, selenium) for various reasons. Exposure to the sun increases the risk of the disease.

WHAT IS THE FREQUENCY OF OBSERVATION?

The incidence of the disease increases with advancing age. While the incidence is 25 percent between the ages of 70-74, it is seen almost 100 percent over the age of 90. Disease is an important factor that reduces vision to 10 percent or less in close to 2 percent of people over the age of 65.

TREATMENT

Dry type: There is no treatment method. It is said that various vitamin and element supplements and drugs with some antioxidant properties can slow the course of the disease. Improvements in nutritional and environmental conditions are recommended.
Wet type: It is possible to regress the veins that develop abnormally and damage the macula instead of benefiting it by laser burning in the very early period.
In recent years, some new treatment methods have been developed for the regression of new vessels developing under the full yellow spot. For example, in photodynamic therapy, light-sensitive drugs are given intravenously to the body. These drugs absorb laser light more easily than normal human tissues, pathological vessels under the retina contain these photosensitive drugs at a higher rate than the surrounding tissues, accordingly, the applied laser light selectively affects this pathological tissue. This treatment is called "photodynamic laser therapy".
Drugs developed against some biological active substances involved in the formation of vessels in this disease have also taken the first place in this treatment in recent years. A type of protein (anti-VEGF antibody) is used in the treatment of intraocular injections. Anti-VEGF drugs, which are administered by needle injection into the eye, are approved by the FDA in the treatment of the age type of macular degeneration, which is seen in one out of every three people between the ages of 75 and 85. The anti-VEGF drug used during the treatment prevents vision loss by inhibiting the protein secreted by the eye cells behind the eye in case of disease and forming new vessels. The drug, which is injected into the eye at intervals of 4 - 6 weeks, stops the development of new vessels in the yellow spot and greatly reduces the patient's complaints. The injection is administered at least 3 times; but there are also patients who are applied more. Injection intervals vary between 4 and 6 weeks, depending on the patient's response to treatment.
If the yellow spot is not treated, vision decreases by 95% and eventually a severe vision loss develops.

Black and gray floating objects in front of the eyes can be in many people. Vitreous degeneration is the cause of this condition, which can occur in many people without distinction between old and young people, but which is noticed by careful people.
The intraocular fluid in the back of our eye is called vitreous. This vitreous fluid is usually adhered to the retinal layer of the eye. Over time, it separates from the retina and creates condensation. In this case, it causes to be noticed as gray black bodies moving in space and displacing with eye movements.
In some cases, when this fluid is separated from the retinal layer, flashes of light form. This situation is emphasized as quite disturbing by the patients. If the retinal layer and vitreous fluid contain adhesions, the separation cannot be complete in this region and ruptures may occur in the retinal layer.
Tears in the retina layer are called Retinal Detachment. And it has important consequences that can severely impair vision.
We recommend that our patients with similar disorders should have an eye disease examination immediately, especially in the presence of flashes of light.
Fortunately, most vitreous detachments do not result in retinal detachment. It remains harmless as black floaters that move only with eye movements and are more obvious when looking into space or solid colors.
When these objects are large, they can disturb our patients. This condition, which we generally consider as no harm and no treatment, has recently started to be treated with laser treatments. This very new treatment is very beneficial for our patients who are really disturbed by this situation and who we think prevent vision.

STRABISMUS

Strabismus; It is the situation where the gaze position of the eyes is not in one direction, but both visual axes are shifted towards different directions and cannot coincide at a single point. It is common, affects approximately 4% of children, but can also develop in adults.
Strabismus that occurs in the first 6 months of life is called "infantile strabismus".
In newborns, the eyes are often not parallel, inward and outward deviations are observed in the eyes. Therefore, it is difficult to detect the deviation in this period.
Generally, the position of the eyes becomes fixed in the 3rd month. If the mother expresses that the child's eye is slipping during this period, this situation should be evaluated. In addition, a specialist ophthalmologist should be consulted, as it may manifest itself with strabismus in cataracts, eye tumors or neurological diseases.
In family history; Is there any eye problem in the family, the presence of problems such as high degree of glasses, slippage, low vision is questioned.
It should be questioned whether the pregnancy is normal, past febrile, rash diseases (viral diseases), medications taken, whether the baby is term or not (in terms of retinopathy of prematurity). It is important how the slip is noticed, whether it is continuous, how old it has been, whether it is observed in one eye or occasionally in both eyes, whether it develops after any specific event, for example, after an event such as trauma or convulsion. And it should be known whether any treatment for slippage has been done before, if any, the numbers of the glasses, whether there is closure or surgical treatment.
First of all, visual acuity should be measured in both eyes separately,
Now, with the developing technology, we can take measurements more easily with advanced devices such as plusoptix in babies, whom we had difficulty in eye refraction measurement before. In addition, thanks to the video feature of plusoptix devices, we can more easily examine eye movements and deviations from the optical axis and diagnose them more easily. This device can be used in the measurement of strabismus in the measurement of refraction in children from 1 month of age. It can provide us with preliminary information about amblyopia and optical axis concentrations. If we suspect a pathology in a visual pathway, the VEP (Visual evoked potential) test can be performed.
The first sign of shifting is that the eyes do not focus on the same point, but findings such as closing one eye in the sun, tilting or turning the head may be the result of shifting.
In infancy or preschool, every child should be examined for possible eye problems (such as strabismus, lazy eye, refractive errors or cataracts, glaucoma, intraocular tumors). It is thought that the shift in infancy will improve over time as it grows, as a false belief among the people, but this is wrong, strabismus never heals spontaneously with growth. However, in cases where the nasal root is wide and there is no slippage in children, which we call pseudo-strabismus, which causes the appearance of slippage, the appearance of slippage improves with the development of the nasal bone over time, which falsely suggests that the slippage is corrected. In such cases, he should definitely see an ophthalmologist for differential diagnosis and correct diagnosis.
In addition, if there are people with strabismus or lazy eye in the family, the child should be shown to the ophthalmologist at the age of 1 year.
Amblyopia is a common condition in strabismus patients. Amblyopia is a condition known as lazy eye; It is a decrease in visual acuity without an organic disorder of the eye or visual pathways. After the diagnosis of strabismus is made, the causative agent should be determined first and treatment should be started for the cause. The first treatment is the complete correction of the refractive error, if any. This solves the problem in most patients. If there is lazy eye, treatment should be planned for it. If the slip continues despite the glasses, surgery can be planned. Our aim in treatment is to ensure the development of both eyes by using them together without negatively affecting the visual development. After a detailed eye examination, treatment is planned according to the cause of the slippage.
The earlier the strabismus treatment is done, the higher the success. However, an increase in peripheral vision can be achieved with surgical treatment in adult strabismus or in adults who have not been treated before.
Surgical treatment is not an alternative to spectacles or closure, and spectacle and occlusion treatment can continue after surgery.

What are the risk factors for strabismus?
1. Having a history of strabismus in family members, and the more people and generations have strabismus, the more likely it is.
2. Premature birth, difficult birth or low birth weight, staying in an incubator, history of oxygen therapy
3. Asymmetry between the two eyes (anisometropia) or high hyperopia
4. Hydrocephalus (Water collection in the brain)
5. Children with cerebral palsy and birth trauma

Commonly known as chicken black or night blindness, the medical name of the disease is "retinitis pigmentosa". This disease is a disease of the retina layer, which is the back layer of the eye. The problem is in the photoreceptor cells that allow night vision. It is an inherited disease. While the disease is mostly seen in men, women often do not show symptoms of the disease but are carriers.
While the disease does not give many symptoms in childhood, it creates symptoms in later ages. It mostly occurs with decrease in night vision and loss of peripheral vision. In a much more advanced period, it can severely impair vision. The severity of the disease varies from person to person. While it is sometimes very limited, pigmentary changes that spread to the entire retina are observed in some patients, and it may cause functional disorders in the optic nerve at advanced levels.
Diagnosis can be made easily by examining the fundus of the eye of the patient describing a visual problem. Vision loss is not sudden. It comes out slowly. It is generally progressive.
Unfortunately, there is not much that can be done to prevent and treat this disease. The only thing we can do is if there is a history of such a disease in the family, warnings can be made. The person who has such a disease can be informed about marriage and having children, and they can be assisted in directing them to a suitable job due to their visual impairment.